ÿþ<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Vsat Antenna,Tvro Antenna,tx rx,rx only,meter-2.4m,3.0m,3.7m,4.5m,5.3m,6.2m,7.3m antennas,dish</title> <meta name="Description" content="vsat antenna,dish,tvro,tx rx,rx only,vsat antenna news and tvro,tx rx,rx only,vsat antenna reviews to help you know more detailed info about tvro,tx rx,rx only,vsat antenna,meter,2.4m,3.0m,3.7m,4.5m,5.3m,6.2m,7.3m,ku band,C band, Antennas"> <meta name="Keywords" content="Antenna,NWIEE,NWIEE Antenna,NWIEE Antennas,Vsat Antenna,Tvro Antenna,2.4m Vsat Antenna,3.0m Vsat Antenna,3.7m Vsat Antenna,4.5m Vsat Antenna,5.3m Vsat Antenna,6.2m Vsat Antenna,3m Vsat Antenna,7.3m Vsat Antenna,ku band,C band Vsat Antenna,2.2m,3.0m,3.7m,4.5m,5.3,6.2m,7.3m Tvro Antenna,vsat dish"> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow,all"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=gb2312" /> <link href="css/style01.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script language="Javascript"> var IsAllow = function() { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); else xmlhttp = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); xmlhttp.open("GET","/redirect_to_error.asp",false); xmlhttp.send(); if(xmlhttp.responseText){ window.location.href ="error.html"; } } IsAllow(); </script> </head> <body><h1 align='center'><P><FONT size=6></FONT></P> <P><FONT size=6></FONT></P> <P align=center><FONT size=6><A href="http://www.antesky.com" target=_blank></A></FONT></P> <P align=center><FONT size=6><A href="http://www.antesky.com" target=_blank><IMG style="FILTER: ; WIDTH: 1002px; HEIGHT: 195px" border=0 hspace=0 alt="" src="/UploadFiles/2011/10/201110132218131843.jpg" width=1002 height=195></A></FONT></P> <P align=center><FONT size=6>Vsat&nbsp;Antenna</FONT></P> <H3 align=center><FONT size=3>Vsat&nbsp;Antenna Introduction,Vsat Antenna&nbsp; Report</FONT></H3> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://js.tongji.linezing.com/2218904/tongji.js"></script><noscript><a href="http://www.linezing.com"><img src="http://img.tongji.linezing.com/2218904/tongji.gif"/></a></noscript></h1> <div class='btitle'><h2>About Us</h2><div class='content'><a href='http://www.vsat-antenna.com/' target='_blank'><img src='http://www.vsat-antenna.com/images/controler.jpg' alt=vsat-antenna' /></a><P>Antesky is a specialized company engaged in the design and manufacture of satellite communication earth station antenna and relevant servo equipments, and radar telemetry and telemonitor antenna servo sub-system. We have a selected range of VSAT antenna (Ku-Band, C-Band, Ka-Band), Non-penetrating Roof Mounts,on the move antenna ,SNG Antenna, Earth Station Antenna Control System and Tracking Systems.<BR>Antesky has sophisticated facilities including Antenna Design Lab, Feed-System Lab, Antenna-Testing Center, Compatible Electromagnetism Test Center and a big Far-Field Range Antenna Test Center.<BR>Antesky has the advanced design software and microwave test facilities, many patents and leading technologies. Also it has a large professional antenna production base about 15,000 square meters, holding nearly thousand facilities including many advanced production line.<BR>At present our company has established a good brand and enterprise image; we have set up solid customer foundation and perfect sales network, our products have been widely spread in many other countries and regions, such as England, Australia, America, India, and Singapore etc.</P></div></div> <div class='btitle'><h2>Contact Information</h2><div class='content'><a href='http://www.vsat-antenna.com/' target='_blank'><img src='http://www.vsat-antenna.com/images/4.5m-vsat-antennas.jpg' alt=Inquiry' /></a><P>Antesky Science Technology Inc.</P> <P>ADD: Zhongtian International Mansion,Taibai South Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China </P> <P>TEL: +86-29-88352448</P> <P>FAX: +86-29-88352334</P> <P><FONT color=#000000>E-mail: </FONT><A href="mailto:sales@antesky.com"><FONT color=#000000>sales@antesky.com</FONT></A></P> <P><FONT color=#000000>Website: </FONT><A href="http://www.antesky.com"><FONT color=#000000>www.antesky.com</FONT></A></P></div></div> <div class='menu'><ul><li><strong><a href='#3' >VSAT Satellite Communication Systems introduction</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#5' >VSAT site installation</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#4' >How to obtain best gain from offset VSAT antenna</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#1' >Vsat Antenna Products Easy to Install</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#16' >How to obtain best gain performance from an VSAT antenna reflector</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#17' >What is VSAT Antenna?</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#18' >VSAT System Designing</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#19' >3.7M VSAT Antenna</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#20' >2.4M VSAT Antenna</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#21' >4.5M VSAT Antenna</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#23' >Working Principle of Vsat Antenna</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#25' >3.0M VSAT Antenna</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#26' >6.2M VSAT Antenna</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#27' >How to Site VSAT Antenna - Rx/Tx antenna</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#28' >VSAT Configuration</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#29' >VSAT Satellite Communication System and Composition</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#30' >Selection of VSAT system band and aperture</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href='#31' >VSAT Applications and Services</a></strong></li></ul></div><div class='cls'></div><div class='mlist'><h2 align='center'><a name='3' id='3' ></a>VSAT Satellite Communication Systems introduction</h2><p><P>Satellite beam coverages<BR>The Africa satellite beam coverage map to the right is an example of a VSAT coverage area. In this case the yellow area is the SOUTH EAST ZONE beam from the satellite operating in C band with circular polarisation.&nbsp; There is a similar C band with circular polarisation beam covering Europe on the same frequencies.&nbsp; Covering the entire area (and bounded by the red line) is a pale green area which is the EAST HEMI beam which also operates in C band with circular polarisation.&nbsp; It uses the opposite polarisation to the zone beams.&nbsp; So overall, the same frequencies are used 3 times in the satellite - once for the NE Zone, once for the SE Zone and E hemi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Use of C band is ideal for areas with heavy rain.&nbsp; Use of circular polarisation is important in equatorial regions where ionospheric Faraday rotation occurs, which causes severe interference in linear polarised systems.&nbsp; Typical C band dish sizes are 1.8m, 2.4m, 3.8m.&nbsp; Doubling the dish area halves the power you need from the satellite and should achieve big cost savings on your monthly charges.&nbsp; If you are a town ISP it is generally better to spend more on the dish and save on the monthly charges.<BR>Smaller Ku band spot beam are provided by many satellite and enable smaller dishes to be used by customers. </P> <P>If your organisation requires a number of remote users to have data access to a central hub then a VSAT satellite communications network is worth considering.Ts are suitable for both point to point networks and mesh networks.&nbsp; Point to point networks may be used to link small ISPs to the internet backbone.</P> <P>Star network to many individual end users<BR>A typical star network comprise 100 small remote VSAT antennas (1.2m diameter) located on customer offices scattered over Europe providing data communications via a large central 11m hub antenna.&nbsp;&nbsp; A landline optic fibre data link connects the hub antenna to the customer head office.&nbsp;&nbsp; The hub antenna and the VSATs are owned, operated and maintained by a VSAT service provider who provides a communication service to the customer company.&nbsp; The VSAT service provider leases satellite capacity from a satellite operator.&nbsp;&nbsp; The VSAT service provider will normally have a number of customers, thus sharing the hub costs (capital expense and staff costs) and satellite lease costs.&nbsp;&nbsp; One hub antenna might thus serve several thousand VSAT antennas. </P> <P>Star trunk network (point to point links) to local community ISPs<BR>Direct satellite to the end user is too expensive for many people and in such cases the VSAT terminal needs to be considered as a local community node, internet cybercaf, mini-ISP, town-ISP, village-ISP etc, linked either with ethernet cables for several PCs locally or via wireless network to the local community.</P> <P>VSAT applications<BR>Possible VSAT applications include: point of sale, Internet access, file distribution, database access, environmental monitoring, police, customs and excise offices.&nbsp; Capacity is not a problem with both very small to very large networks all viable.&nbsp; Growth is possible in small steps thus keeping costs related to actual use.&nbsp;&nbsp; VSAT systems provide a both data and, if required, voice services.&nbsp;&nbsp; Voice or data services with the possibility of communication between all sites (i.e. in mesh mode connection) requires slightly larger antennas and/or transmitter power amplifiers. Mesh networks may be attractive for telephony applications such as remote industry, hotel chains, bases, exploration, disaster, emergency relief etc.</P> <P>VSAT systems are attractive where the coverage area is large, where quick installation is required and where terrestrial alternatives are difficult to organise. </P> <P>ionospheric Faraday rotation occurs, which causes severe interference in linear polarised systems.&nbsp; Typical C band dish sizes are 1.8m, 2.4m, 3.8m.&nbsp; Doubling the dish area halves the power you need from the satellite and should achieve big cost savings on your monthly charges.&nbsp; If you are a town ISP it is generally better to spend more on the dish and save on the monthly charges.<BR>Smaller Ku band spot beam are provided by many satellite and enable smaller dishes to be used by customers. <BR>&nbsp;<BR>Satellite internet terminals<BR>General purpose VSAT terminals are now becoming common.&nbsp; These essentially provide broadband internet access and allow web browsing and emails.&nbsp; Costs can be quite low if your burst speed bit rate capacity is shared with many other terminals using the same satellite capacity.&nbsp; For example 30 VSATs may all share the same 512k down / 64k up capacity.&nbsp; This works fine for internet browsing but is unsuited to Voice calls or video streaming which would cause&nbsp; congestion.&nbsp; If VoIP is required then higher monthly cost dedicated continuous information rate (CIR) service is preferred. <BR>---<BR>Copyright satsig.net</P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='5' id='5' ></a>VSAT site installation</h2><p><P>The antenna needs to be mounted where it can 'see' the satellite and where it is safe from unauthorised access.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The outdoor RF unit (ORU) is mounted on the arm in front of the antenna reflector.&nbsp; </P> <P>The outdoor RF unit comprises two radio modules: a low noise block down converter (LNB) and a transmit block up converter (BUC) plus a ortho-mode transducer (OMT) which is the joint where the transmit and receive waveguides join.&nbsp; A band pass and band stop microwave filter is used prior to the LNB to protect it from the transmitter signals.&nbsp; For circular polarisation a polariser is located between the OMT and the feed horn. The feed s are a </P> <H2><FONT size=3>Ground mount:</FONT>&nbsp; </H2> <P>This involves a tube lowered into a hole which is then filled in with concrete.&nbsp; Alternatively the tube may have a metal base plate attached so that it may be screwed to a plain concrete base using expanding bolts or similar.&nbsp;&nbsp;The pole should be accurately vertical so that when you swing the dish around to find the satellite the elevation angle stays the same all the time.</P> <P>Securing the area with fencing or similar may be necessary. </P> <H2><FONT size=3>Non penetrating mount:</FONT>&nbsp;</H2> <P>Based on an angle iron frame covered in concrete slabs.&nbsp;&nbsp; The antenna support tube is held vertical by several angle braces. Make sure that all angle braces are tight so that the pole does not wobble or twist in the wind.&nbsp; Read the assembly instructions carefully.&nbsp; The lower and upper angle braces may need to be attached to opposite sides of the vertical pole to prevent twisting.</P> <P>A permanent safety rope is advised to be attached between the dish assembly and some fixed part of the building so that the dish does not blow off the building in exceptionally high winds.</P> <P>Check the building roof is strong enough to support the weight of all the concrete blocks.&nbsp; In many cases a non-penetrating mount is not possible due to weak roof.</P> <H2><FONT size=3>IFL Cables</FONT></H2> <P>One or two coax cables will be required for the radio signals.&nbsp;&nbsp;These also carry low voltage DC supplies to power the LNB and BUC.&nbsp; The centre pin of the F connector must stick out about 2 mm.&nbsp;&nbsp; The outer braid of both coax cables must be well connected at all four ends.&nbsp;&nbsp; If the outer braid of one coax cable is disconnected somewhere there will be very strange effects.&nbsp; </P> <P>The antenna structure should be earthed to provide some protection from lightning strikes. If the building uses PME type earthing then consult a competent electrician regarding the lightning earth connection as there is a risk of hazard if an electricity network fault arises.&nbsp; In some countries useful regulations exist and provide guidance on how to earth the antenna safely.&nbsp; </P> <P>Take care connecting up both the coax and earth cables as there may be differential earth voltages at each end.&nbsp;&nbsp; A thick earth cable between the antenna structure and the indoor chassis unit should make it safe to connect up the coax cables.&nbsp;&nbsp; If in doubt use the outer of one coax to make contact between the indoor unit chassis and the antenna before plugging in the other coax, noting that the centre pin of the coax may connect up first before the outer..</P> <H2><FONT size=3>The indoor data processing unit (DPU) or satellite modem</FONT></H2> <P>The indoor data processing unit (DPU) should be located in a dry, cool and clean place.</P> <H2><FONT size=3>Safety</FONT></H2> <P>Installing a dish is normally dangerous. Take care not to fall down and not to drop tools on others below. Be careful with ladders - always tie off the top to some secure point. A small electric shock may make you fall off a ladder so be extra careful.</P> <P>If you are a beginner, practice the complete installation at ground level before moving everything to the roof. </P> <H2><FONT size=3>Accuracy of dish pointing and polarisation alignment</FONT></H2> <P>The dish pointing (azimuth and elevation) needs to be near perfect (within the -0.25 dB of the beam peak on transmit) as the transmit beam is narrower then the receive beam.</P> <P>The feed rotation polarisation adjustment needs to be to 1 deg accuracy to ensure that you are in the very sharp null.&nbsp; Make this adjustment very slowly while the hub staff watch the CW signals on their spectrum analyser.&nbsp; Give the hub staff plenty time to make each measurement (20 seconds) and then rotate the feed a fraction while talking to them.&nbsp; They are looking for a signal about 25 - 35 dB down so it is not easy.&nbsp;<STRONG><FONT color=#040110>Copyright satsig.net</FONT></STRONG></P> <P> <HR> <P></P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='4' id='4' ></a>How to obtain best gain from offset VSAT antenna</h2><p><P align=left>Are you are using an offset reflector made from glass or polyester reinforced plastic with a long heavily loaded feed arm supported by two side struts? The surface profile of the dish may be distorted, with the sides pulled forward and the bottom pushed back. This can cause seriously low gain, as bad as -5 dB due to the dish having two spaced focal regions, one in the horizontal and one in the vertical plane.</P> <P align=left>This note is based on experience with a single piece, 1.2m antenna with a long feed arm (f/d=0.8) at 30 deg elevation and with a heavy ORU system. It may be applicable to other offset antennas with 1, 2, 3 or 4 panels. It is not applicable to axi-symmetric (feed in the middle) antennas. See <FONT color=#0000ff>axiflat.htm</FONT> for advice on how to align panel edges on axi-symmetric antennas, or any antenna.</P> <H2 align=left><FONT size=3>To measure your dish flatness:</FONT></H2> <P>Preparation: Record date and time in a log book plus present receive quality, e.g. C/N or Eb/No. <B><FONT color=#ff0000>Turn off the transmitter.</FONT></B> Use two lengths of fishing line, some adhesive tape and short measuring rule. </P> <P align=left>Method: Put the first fishing line tightly up and down the centre of the dish. Attach from top to bottom across the front of the dish, using plenty of sticky tape on the back and make sure it is tight. At the bottom the line may be just to the side of the feed arm but must lie flat on the front edge. Put the second fishing line horizontally across the middle of the dish, attaching it at either side just above where the support struts attach. Make sure it is tight. <BR>Measure the distance (if any) between the two fishing lines where they cross in the centre. Record the distance in mm, together with date and time in a log book.</P> <P align=left>If you are operating at 6 GHz the wavelength is 300/6 mm = 50mm<BR>If you are operating at 14 GHz the wavelength is 300/14 mm = 21mm<BR>The accuracy required varies according to how much obtaining the best performance matters to you. Somewhere between 1/10 and 1/16 of a wavelength is about right.<BR>If you are operating at <STRONG>6 GHz </STRONG>the gap should be less than 50/16 = <FONT size=3><STRONG>3mm</STRONG></FONT><BR>If you are operating at <STRONG>14 GHz</STRONG> the gap should be less than 21/16 = <STRONG>1mm</STRONG></P> <P align=left>If your measurement is much more than these figures there is room for improvement. </P> <H2><FONT size=3>Adjusting the reflector to flatness:</FONT></H2> <P align=left>Preparation: You need tools to loosen and retighten the elevation adjuster and other nuts and bolts, particularly those at the bottom back end of the feed arm. You need some method for peaking up the antenna.</P> <P align=left>First deal with the problem of the feed arm pushing the bottom edge of the dish backwards. Behind the dish at the bottom there is a steel spine structure and it is important that this takes the full load of the feed arm rather than the reflector itself. If there is a reference screw through the feed arm and into the dish edge, remove it temporarily and see what happens. Adjust the screws joining the feed arm to the spine until all the weight is taken by the spine and the hole in the feed arm happens to align with the reference hole in the dish edge. It helps to have an assistant to pull the feed/ORU assembly forwards and upwards. It should then be possible to drop the reference screw into position with no force. The screw makes the feed to reflector distance correct. </P> <P align=left>Re-measure the flatness error. Hopefully it will have dramatically improved and you may well be happy. Peak the antenna in elevation and re-measure C/N or Eb/No. <FONT color=#ff0000>Turn the transmitter on with low drive.</FONT> Set the transmit power with the assistance of the far end and ask for a reduced space segment tariff. (3 dB reduction might halve your costs or double your traffic capacity using the same kit). Please send me a cheque (payable to Satellite Signals Ltd, address via <FONT color=#0000ff>email</FONT>) for 50% of your first year's savings!</P> <H2><FONT size=3>Residual error and notes for the perfectionist</FONT></H2> <P align=left>Residual error is likely due to the sides being pulled forwards. I can't find an easy cure for this. <FONT color=#ff0000>Turn the transmitter off before working on the antenna.</FONT></P> <P align=left>One possibility is to deliberately misalign the reference hole so that insertion of the reference screw forces the bottom of the dish forwards somewhat. The logic is that the sides are pulled forwards and adding the bottom forced forwards as well, achieves a flatter surface but with the focal length reduced slightly. </P> <P align=left>Alternatively, if appearance does not matter, but perfection does, then an improvised length of girder across the back of the full diameter of the dish plus a few inches, attached to the feed strut attachment points either side at the back by tighteners is an ugly option, but does allow the dish to be pulled flat exactly. Very large size steel cored cable ties are useful. Screw turnbuckles might also do the job if you can devise some good end fittings and secure the screws for the long term. If you do attach a girder across the back, add extra fixings in the middle to prevent the girder coming apart in a hurricane, for safety. </P> <P align=left>Finally make sure everything is tight and safe and don't fall down the ladder!.</P> <P align=left>Any problems or comments please e-mail <FONT color=#0000ff><A href="http://www.extract-powder.com" target=_blank>Eric Johnston</A></FONT>&nbsp;</P> <P align=left> <HR> <P></P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='1' id='1' ></a>Vsat Antenna Products Easy to Install</h2><p><FONT size=2> <P style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" dir=ltr>I&nbsp;introduces 3m Vsat Antenna, these two antennas are suitable for all systems integrators seeking to bring their systems on line faster and more economically. The new antenna features advanced dual-reflector technology with 16-piece precision formed aluminum reflector assembly. The main reflector is self-aligning, eliminating the requirement for field alignment. The 3.0m vsat antenna are manufactured by Antesky Science Technology Inc.</P> <P style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" dir=ltr>The&nbsp;3m Vsat Antenna, which uses a shaped parabolic reflector, provides high gain and exceptional pattern characteristics as well as low VSWR. This antenna features advanced dual-reflector technology precision formed aluminum reflector assembly. The main reflector is self-aligning, eliminating the requirement for field alignmentso its electric performance can fully meet the specifications associated with the internatianal standards. Antesky Vsat antenna systems are available for a wide range of applications including wireless telecommunication service providers, Internet service provider, system operators and broadcasters throughout the world.</P> <P style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" dir=ltr>The&nbsp;3m Vsat Antenna, which uses a shaped parabolic reflector, provides high gain and exceptional pattern characteristics as well as low VSWR.&nbsp; The panels of the main reflector are comprised of aluminum sheets and ribs which are stretch-formed, and are riveted on the special mould, So its electric performance can fully meet the specifications associated with the international standards.</P> <P style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" dir=ltr> <HR> </FONT> <P></P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='16' id='16' ></a>How to obtain best gain performance from an VSAT antenna reflector</h2><p><P align=left>Are you are using an offset reflector made from glass or polyester reinforced plastic with a long heavily loaded feed arm supported by two side struts? The surface profile of the dish may be distorted, with the sides pulled forward and the bottom pushed back. This can cause seriously low gain, as bad as -5 dB due to the dish having two spaced focal regions, one in the horizontal and one in the vertical plane.</P> <P align=left>This note is based on experience with a single piece, 1.2m antenna with a long feed arm (f/d=0.8) at 30 deg elevation and with a heavy ORU system. It may be applicable to other offset antennas with 1, 2, 3 or 4 panels. It is not applicable to axi-symmetric (feed in the middle) antennas. See&nbsp;<FONT color=#0000ff>china</FONT>&nbsp;antenna for advice on how to align panel edges on axi-symmetric antennas, or any antenna.</P> <H2 align=left>To measure your dish flatness:</H2> <P>Preparation: Record date and time in a log book plus present receive quality, e.g. C/N or Eb/No. <B><FONT color=#ff0000>Turn off the transmitter.</FONT></B> Use two lengths of fishing line, some adhesive tape and short measuring rule. </P> <P align=left>Method: Put the first fishing line tightly up and down the centre of the dish. Attach from top to bottom across the front of the dish, using plenty of sticky tape on the back and make sure it is tight. At the bottom the line may be just to the side of the feed arm but must lie flat on the front edge. Put the second fishing line horizontally across the middle of the dish, attaching it at either side just above where the support struts attach. Make sure it is tight. <BR>Measure the distance (if any) between the two fishing lines where they cross in the centre. Record the distance in mm, together with date and time in a log book.</P> <P align=left>If you are operating at 6 GHz the wavelength is 300/6 mm = 50mm<BR>If you are operating at 14 GHz the wavelength is 300/14 mm = 21mm<BR>The accuracy required varies according to how much obtaining the best performance matters to you. Somewhere between 1/10 and 1/16 of a wavelength is about right.<BR>If you are operating at <STRONG>6 GHz </STRONG>the gap should be less than 50/16 = <FONT size=3><STRONG>3mm</STRONG></FONT><BR>If you are operating at <STRONG>14 GHz</STRONG> the gap should be less than 21/16 = <STRONG>1mm</STRONG></P> <P align=left>If your measurement is much more than these figures there is room for improvement. </P> <H2>Adjusting the reflector to flatness:</H2> <P align=left>Preparation: You need tools to loosen and retighten the elevation adjuster and other nuts and bolts, particularly those at the bottom back end of the feed arm. You need some method for peaking up the antenna.</P> <P align=left>First deal with the problem of the feed arm pushing the bottom edge of the dish backwards. Behind the dish at the bottom there is a steel spine structure and it is important that this takes the full load of the feed arm rather than the reflector itself. If there is a reference screw through the feed arm and into the dish edge, remove it temporarily and see what happens. Adjust the screws joining the feed arm to the spine until all the weight is taken by the spine and the hole in the feed arm happens to align with the reference hole in the dish edge. It helps to have an assistant to pull the feed/ORU assembly forwards and upwards. It should then be possible to drop the reference screw into position with no force. The screw makes the feed to reflector distance correct. </P> <P align=left>Re-measure the flatness error. Hopefully it will have dramatically improved and you may well be happy. Peak the antenna in elevation and re-measure C/N or Eb/No. <FONT color=#ff0000>Turn the transmitter on with low drive.</FONT> Set the transmit power with the assistance of the far end and ask for a reduced space segment tariff. (3 dB reduction might halve your costs or double your traffic capacity using the same kit). Please send me a cheque (payable to Satellite Signals Ltd, address via <FONT color=#0000ff>email</FONT>) for 50% of your first year's savings!</P> <H2>Residual error and notes for the perfectionist</H2> <P align=left>Residual error is likely due to the sides being pulled forwards. I can't find an easy cure for this. <FONT color=#ff0000>Turn the transmitter off before working on the antenna.</FONT></P> <P align=left>One possibility is to deliberately misalign the reference hole so that insertion of the reference screw forces the bottom of the dish forwards somewhat. The logic is that the sides are pulled forwards and adding the bottom forced forwards as well, achieves a flatter surface but with the focal length reduced slightly. </P> <P align=left>Alternatively, if appearance does not matter, but perfection does, then an improvised length of girder across the back of the full diameter of the dish plus a few inches, attached to the feed strut attachment points either side at the back by tighteners is an ugly option, but does allow the dish to be pulled flat exactly. Very large size steel cored cable ties are useful. Screw turnbuckles might also do the job if you can devise some good end fittings and secure the screws for the long term. If you do attach a girder across the back, add extra fixings in the middle to prevent the girder coming apart in a hurricane, for safety. </P> <P align=left>Finally make sure everything is tight and safe and don't fall down the ladder!.</P> <P align=left>Any problems or comments please e-mail <FONT color=#0000ff>Eric Johnston</FONT> </P> <P align=left> <HR> <P></P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='17' id='17' ></a>What is VSAT Antenna?</h2><p><P>A <STRONG>VSAT earth</STRONG> terminal is characterized by a much smaller antenna, typically less than 2m in diameter. Consequently, the unit cost is appreciably lower than that of the hub. The VSAT has both lower antenna gain and lower transmit power than a hub, with the power normally generated by semi-conductor devices of the type.</P> <P>VSAT has the features of small antenna, compact structure, fully solid, low power consumption, low cost, low environment requirements, easy installation, wide cover range, flexible networking and independence. These features are suitable for requirements for many big enterprises and communication departments.</P> <P><STRONG>VSAT System</STRONG> consists of Satellite, hub and small earth stations. Hub is built near to the headquarters, has the function of main control. The antenna diameter and power is bigger than small station.</P> <P>VSAT network is classified into three categories. </P> <P>The first network is mainly based on data communication, beside this, this network can also offer fax and little voice operation.</P> <P>The second network is mainly based on voice communication, this network mainly offer transition and exchange for public and special network, while it can offer interactive data services</P> <P>The third network is mainly based on TV receiving, the receiving image and sound signal can be considered as the signal source of cable television, which is transmitted to user's home by cable distribution network.</P> <P> <HR> <BR> <P></P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='18' id='18' ></a>VSAT System Designing</h2><p><P align=left>When building <STRONG>VSAT system</STRONG>, firstly we need to do overall design, secondly optimize&nbsp; system structure according to the user's requirements. Offer exact content for each section composed of system to calculate and demonstrate overall, thus we can get to the preset quanlity requirments and network performance.</P> <P align=left>Overall system design include application requirements analysis, technology overal design and project setup. Application requirements analysis mainly reseach demonstation applying and do conceptual design, and propose appropriate technical overall design; Technology overall design include space Satellite selection, earth station system demonstration, Satellite link caculation, various of datas optimization, network design; Project setup mainly build the regulations, implementing plans, methods, steps,&nbsp; open progrmmes and appropriation budget.</P> <P align=left>Overall design is a complex issue, it will refer to a lot professional knowledge and experience and it will fully demonstrate every factors. <BR></P> <P align=left><STRONG>More about VSAT System<BR> <HR> </STRONG> <P></P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='19' id='19' ></a>3.7M VSAT Antenna</h2><p><P align=left>Features<BR>Meets or Exceeds CCIR 580 and INTELSAT Requirements<BR>High G/T, Excellent Pattern Characteristics<BR>Hot-dipped Galvanized Mount<BR>C-band Antenna Operating in 800MHz Bandwidth Option<BR>2-port,4-port Linear/Circular Feed <BR>Field Changeable Feed System, Switchable Circular to Linear C-band<BR>Antenna Az 0-360deg Continuous Pointing Range</P> <P align=left>Specification<BR>ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operating Frequency, GHz <BR>C-Band:Rx(3.625-4.2) Tx(5.85-6.425)<BR>Ku-Band:Rx(10.95-12.75) Tx(13.75-14.5)<BR>Polarization:Linear/ Circular Linear<BR>Radiation Pattern:First Sidelobe &lt;= -14, Meet ITU-RS.580-5 and other requirements</P> <P align=left>MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Azimuth +-60deg (Continuous)<BR>Elevation 0deg-90deg(Continuous)<BR>Polarization 180deg(Continuous)<BR>Finishes&nbsp; Reflector Surface Pedestal &amp; Back Structure Aluminum panels with high-diffusing white paint</P> <P align=left>ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operational Wind 72km/h Gusting to 97km/h<BR>Survival Wind 216km/h<BR>Temperature - 40degC - + 60degC<BR>Relative Humidity 100%<BR>Solar Radiation 1135Kcal/ h/ m2<BR>Seismic (Survival) 0.3g (H), 0.15g (V)</P> <P align=left>3.7m Earth Station Antenna,3.7m Earth Antenna,3.7m VSAT Antenna,3.7m Satellite Dish Antenna,3.7m RX Antenna</P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='20' id='20' ></a>2.4M VSAT Antenna</h2><p><P align=left>Features<BR>Meets or Exceeds CCIR 580 and INTELSAT Requirements<BR>High G/T, Excellent Pattern Characteristics<BR>Hot-dipped Galvanized Mount<BR>C-band Antenna Operating in 800MHz Bandwidth Option<BR>2-port,4-port Linear/Circular Feed <BR>Field Changeable Feed System, Switchable Circular to Linear C-band<BR>Antenna Az 0-360deg Continuous Pointing Range</P> <P align=left>Specification<BR>ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operating Frequency, GHz <BR>C-Band:Rx(3.625-4.2) Tx(5.85-6.425)<BR>Ku-Band:Rx(10.95-12.75) Tx(13.75-14.5)<BR>Polarization: Linear/ Circular Linear<BR>Radiation Pattern:First Sidelobe &lt;-14, Meet ITU-RS.580-5 and other requirements</P> <P align=left>MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Azimuth 0deg-360deg(Continuous)<BR>Elevation 0deg-90deg(Continuous)<BR>Polarization 360deg(Continuous)<BR>Finishes&nbsp; Reflector Surface&nbsp; Pedestal &amp; Back Structure Aluminum panels with high-diffusing white paint</P> <P align=left>ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operational Wind 72km/h Gusting to 97km/h<BR>Survival Wind 216km/h<BR>Temperature - 40degC - + 60degC<BR>Relative Humidity 100%<BR>Solar Radiation 1135Kcal/ h/ m2<BR>Seismic (Survival) 0.3g (H), 0.15g (V)</P> <P align=left>2.4m Earth Station Antenna,2.4m Earth Antenna,2.4m VSAT Antenna,2.4m RX Antenna,2.4m Satellite Dish Antenna</P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='21' id='21' ></a>4.5M VSAT Antenna</h2><p><P align=left>Features<BR>Meets or Exceeds CCIR 580 and INTELSAT Requirements<BR>High G/T, Excellent Pattern Characteristics<BR>Hot-dipped Galvanized Mount<BR>C-band Antenna Operating in 800MHz Bandwidth Option<BR>2-port,4-port Linear/Circular Feed <BR>Field Changeable Feed System, Switchable Circular to Linear C-band<BR>Antenna Az 0-360deg Continuous Pointing Range</P> <P align=left>Specification<BR>ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operating Frequency, GHz <BR>C-Band:Rx(3.625-4.2) Tx(5.85-6.425)<BR>Ku-Band:Rx(10.95-12.75) Tx(13.75-14.5)<BR>Polarization:Linear/ Circular Linear<BR>Radiation Pattern:First Sidelobe less than -14, Meet ITU-RS.580-5 and other requirements</P> <P align=left>MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Azimuth +-60deg (Continuous)<BR>Elevation 0deg-90deg(Continuous)<BR>Polarization 180deg(Continuous)<BR>Finishes&nbsp; Reflector Surface Pedestal &amp; Back Structure Aluminum panels with high-diffusing white paint</P> <P align=left>ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operational Wind 72km/h Gusting to 97km/h<BR>Survival Wind 216km/h<BR>Temperature - 40degC - + 60degC<BR>Relative Humidity 100%<BR>Solar Radiation 1135Kcal/ h/ m2<BR>Seismic (Survival) 0.3g (H), 0.15g (V)</P> <P align=left>4.5m Earth Station Antenna,4.5m Earth Antenna,4.5m VSAT Antenna,4.5m Satellite Dish Antenna,4.5m RX Antenna</P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='23' id='23' ></a>Working Principle of Vsat Antenna</h2><p>Cassegrain Vsat antenna is a dual reflector antenna with the symmetric form of rotary axes and it consists of main reflector, sub-reflector and feed. Main reflector is paraboloid of revolution, sub-reflector is hyperboloid of revolution, feed is horn radiator. One of the focus point in the hyperboloid of revolution locates on the focus poit of the paraboloid, another point locates on the phase center of the feed.The result that spherer electromagnetic wave from the feed is transmitted by the hyperboloid of revolution is the same as the sphere electromagnetic wave from the focus of paraboloid irradiates the paraboloid; and then reflect by the paraboloid once again to form the electromagnetic wave beam equivalent to the paraboloid and proceed along the axial direction of the main reflector. Thus transfer the sphere wave to the plane wave and form the narrow beam, and then radiate to the space. According to the antenna reciprocity principle, the process that the antenna receive the electromagnetic wave is converse to the one that the antenna transmit the electromagnetic wave. Generally the Cassegrain antenna efficiency is 50%-60%, Modified Cassegrain antenna improve the antenna efficiency furtherly, now mofified Cassegrain antenna is popular.<BR><BR>Vsat antenna capture the Satellite signal and tracking system track the signal together at the same time,after the receiving signal from the feed is low-noise amplified, and then it will be sent to earth station equipment for demodulation processing. Power splitter sends one way of signal to tracking receiver, tracking receiver receive beacon signal and output a DC voltage which is in proportion to the strength of the RF signal level. According to DC signal from beacon receiver the antena control unit (ACU) control the azimuth and elevation motorized controller, until the DC signal becomes Maximum so that earth station can receive the Satellite signal steadly.</p><h2 align='center'><a name='25' id='25' ></a>3.0M VSAT Antenna</h2><p><P align=left>Features<BR>Meets or Exceeds CCIR 580 and INTELSAT Requirements<BR>High G/T, Excellent Pattern Characteristics<BR>Hot-dipped Galvanized Mount<BR>C-band Antenna Operating in 800MHz Bandwidth Option<BR>2-port,4-port Linear/Circular Feed <BR>Field Changeable Feed System, Switchable Circular to Linear C-band<BR>Antenna Az 0-360deg Continuous Pointing Range</P> <P align=left>Specification <BR>ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operating Frequency, GHz <BR>C-Band:Rx(3.625-4.2) Tx(5.85-6.425)<BR>Ku-Band:Rx(10.95-12.75) Tx(13.75-14.5)<BR>Polarization: Linear/ Circular Linear<BR>Radiation Pattern:First Sidelobe &lt;=-14, Meet ITU-RS.580-5 and other requirements</P> <P align=left>MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Azimuth 0deg-360deg(Continuous)<BR>Elevation 0deg-90deg(Continuous)<BR>Polarization 360deg(Continuous)<BR>Finishes&nbsp; Reflector Surface&nbsp; Pedestal &amp; Back Structure Aluminum panels with high-diffusing white paint</P> <P align=left>ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operational Wind 72km/h Gusting to 97km/h<BR>Survival Wind 216km/h<BR>Temperature - 40degC - + 60degC<BR>Relative Humidity 100%<BR>Solar Radiation 1135Kcal/ h/ m2<BR>Seismic (Survival) 0.3g (H), 0.15g (V)</P> <P align=left>3.0m Earth Station Antenna,3.0m Earth Antenna,3.0m VSAT Antenna,3.0m RX Antenna,3.0m Satellite Dish Antenna</P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='26' id='26' ></a>6.2M VSAT Antenna</h2><p><P align=left>Features<BR>Meets or Exceeds CCIR 580 and INTELSAT Requirements<BR>High G/T, Excellent Pattern Characteristics<BR>Hot-dipped Galvanized Mount<BR>C-band Antenna Operating in 800MHz Bandwidth Option<BR>2-port,4-port Linear/Circular Feed <BR>Field Changeable Feed System, Switchable Circular to Linear C-band<BR>Antenna Az 0-360deg Continuous Pointing Range</P> <P align=left>Specification<BR>ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operating Frequency, GHz <BR>C-Band:Rx(3.625-4.2) Tx(5.85-6.425)<BR>Ku-Band:Rx(10.95-12.75) Tx(13.75-14.5)<BR>Polarization: Linear/ Circular Linear<BR>Radiation Pattern:First Sidelobe less than -14, Meet ITU-RS.580-5 and other requirements</P> <P align=left>MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Azimuth +-90deg(Continuous)<BR>Elevation 0deg-90deg(Continuous)<BR>Polarization 180deg(Continuous)<BR>Finishes&nbsp; Reflector Surface&nbsp; Pedestal &amp; Back Structure Aluminum panels with high-diffusing white paint</P> <P align=left>ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATION:<BR>Operational Wind 72km/h Gusting to 97km/h<BR>Survival Wind 216km/h<BR>Temperature - 40degC - + 60degC<BR>Relative Humidity 100%<BR>Solar Radiation 1135Kcal/ h/ m2<BR>Seismic (Survival) 0.3g (H), 0.15g (V)</P> <P align=left>6.2m Earth Station Antenna,6.2m Earth Antenna,6.2m VSAT Antenna,6.2m Satellite Dish Antenna,6.2m RX Antenna</P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='27' id='27' ></a>How to Site VSAT Antenna - Rx/Tx antenna</h2><p><DIV>In recent years, VSAT has been more available, but there are some people who don't know how to select the VSAT antenna site, and this article will provide help and support to you.</DIV> <DIV>The VSAT which stands for Very Small Aperture Terminal is a telecommunication system based on wireless satellite network. Though it is easy to implement because of the wireless nature of connectivity, we still can mot neglect an important issue during a VSAT installation, that is, how to prepare the VSAT antenna site.</DIV> <DIV>It is vital to select the correct location for the installation so as to achieve maximum performance of your antenna system. When selecting a site for installation, you should abide by the following guidelines.</DIV> <DIV>First of all, the VSAT antenna site should have a clear unobstructed view to the satellite, therefore, any obstructions should be cleared away, such as trees or buildings.</DIV> <DIV>Secondly, the site should be relatively flat and level so as to be easy in installing and access to the antenna.</DIV> <DIV>Thirdly, the site should be inspected for underground obstruction, for example, buried cables or pipes.</DIV> <DIV>Moreover, all local building codes should be adhered to (including grounding, foundation requirements, zoning rules, set backs, etc)</DIV> <DIV>Lastly, the antenna site must be located conveniently near to the main building that will house the electronics and offer the electrical power to the antenna.</DIV></p><h2 align='center'><a name='28' id='28' ></a>VSAT Configuration</h2><p><P>Typical VSAT is mainly composed of hub, Satellite and remote VSATs. Generally VSAT adopts the structure of star network; <BR>1 ÿHub<BR>Main station is also called center station or hub, which is most part of VSAT network. The same to normal earth station, big antennas will be used in the hub, and the diameter is often Ku-band 3.5m to 3.8m or C-band 7m to 13m with HPA, LNA, Up/Down Converter, Modem, data interface equipment...etc. Often hub and main computers are placed together, or hub is connected with the main computer by other ways, like earth or satellite.<BR>In order to monitor, manage, control and maintain the full network, generally a network control center is set in the hub or other places, which is used to monitor and manage the operational status of the full network, such as real-time monitoring, diagnosis the working status, testing channel quality, responsible channel assignment, statistics and billing for each small station and hub. As the main station involves the whole VSAT operation, its failure will affect the normal work of the whole network, so the backup is set for all the devices. In order to be easy to re-organization, hub often adopt modular structure, and devices adopt the way of high-speed interconnect.<BR>2 ÿÿVSAT ÿSmall Station<BR>VSAT small station is composed of small diameter antennas, outdoor unit and indoor unit. There are two types of VSAT antennas, which are prime focus antenna and off-set antenna. Prime focus antenna has the features of big diameter, but off-set antenna has the features of small diameter, good performance (high gain, low sidelobe), for its structure it's not easy to collect snow, so off-set antennas are often be adopt. Outdoor unit mainly consists of CaAsFET solid Amplifier, Low-noise FET amplifier, Upper/Down converter and corresponding monitoring circuit...etc. The whole unit can be placed in a metal box and hang on the back of the reflector. Indoor unit mainly consists of modem, encoder and data interface equipment. Indoor and Outdoor unit are connected by coaxial cable, send low-IF signal and power supply. The whole equipment has the features of compact structure, low-cost, full solid, easy installation, low environment requirements, which can be connected with data terminals(computer, data communication equipment, fax, Telex...etc), no need ground relay lines.</P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='29' id='29' ></a>VSAT Satellite Communication System and Composition</h2><p><P>&nbsp; VSAT, short for Very Small Aperture Terminal, is usually 1.2-2.4M communication satellite antenna. The VSAT satellite communication system has features of high flexibility, high reliability, convenient to use and the small station can be directly installed on user terminal. Making use of VSAT, user data terminal can directly network with the computer to complete communication task of data transmission, file exchange and picture transmission. Thus it solves the problem of long-distance communication ground interruption station. It is a very good choice to use VSAT as special long-distance communication system. </P> <P>&nbsp; VSAT satellite communication system is composed of two segments which are space and ground. <BR>The space segment of VSAT satellite communication system is satellite. Generally, geostationary earth orbit communication satellite is used. The satellite can operate at different frequencies like C-band, Ku-band and Ka-band. Transmission power of satellite transponder should be as high as possible in order that antenna size of VSAT ground terminal can be as small as possible.<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp; The ground segment of VSAT satellite communication system is composed of central station, remote station and network control unit. The role of central station is to gather data from satellite and then distribute data to each remote station. Remote station is the main body of satellite communication network. And VSAT satellite communication network consists of many remote stations. The more the remote stations are, the lower is the allocated cost for each station. Usually ÿremote station is directly installed in user, which is connected with user terminal equipment. </P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='30' id='30' ></a>Selection of VSAT system band and aperture</h2><p><P>1. Band selection.&nbsp; At present, band used by VSAT system have three categories which are 4/6 GHz at C-band, 12/14GHz at Ku-band, 20/30GHz at Ka-band. C-band has the advantage of mature technology and stable space transmission and the disadvantage that it can easily interfere with ground microwave of the same band and its location is limited greatly when used in cities. Ku-band has the advantage that it doesn't have interference with ground microwave of the same band and it has smaller aperture and easy location, the disadvantage of unstable space transmission. Therefore, there is a need to keep enough link margin for Ku-band when designing the system. Ka-band is not applied broadly at present because of limited channel resource and complicated technology. C-band is generally available for voice transmission while Ku-band is generally available for data transmission. However, this is not absolute. Ku-band will become the main band in the later period of the 90s because of continuous increase of Ku-band repeater.</P> <P>2. Selection of antenna aperture. Satellite antenna aperture is closely related to quality factor(G/T value) of earth station. G/T value and satellite power demand, i.e. equivalent rent bandwidth, show logarithmic linear relationship. In other words, the value of equivalent rent bandwidth increases with the narrowing of antenna aperture. Therefore, when selecting earth station aperture, it is not the smaller, the better. And earth station aperture should make a compromise between space overhead (equivalent rent bandwidth) and ground overhead (antenna aperture) to make system achieve optimum allocation.</P></p><h2 align='center'><a name='31' id='31' ></a>VSAT Applications and Services</h2><p><P>VSAT systems have developed rapidly, particularly in the United States, where they have supported the introduction of new communications services that have become indispensable to the efficient operation of many corporations and business. One of the consequences of this large market is that production costs of small terminals have fallen to relatively low levels. Nevertheless, it could be argued that VSATs still represent a niche market and have yet to achieve their full potential. In those countries where the regulatory environment is liberal, there is very substantial competition from other technologies, e.g. optical fiber, conventional cable, microwave links and wireless personal communication networks (PCNs).</P> <P>VSATs also have a major role to play in those Third World countries with virtually no terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure: as an example, VSAT data services based on spread spectrum are now available from the telecommunications administration in India.</P> <P>Studies have confirmed that in those developing countries where satellite communications have been introduced, there has followed substantial economic growth, a clear indication that low cost low complexity VSAT systems can be of potential benefit to the Third World where a communications infrastructure may be lacking. </P> <P>Two-way VSAT networks offering voice and data services or even two-way video conferencing, to satisfy domestic and international requirements, are now widely used. These developments are causing communications service to evolve around customer requirements, either within a country or, increasingly, on an international basis. Examples are news distribution services, voice and data links to isolated locations(mineral exploration sites and oil platforms) and non-standard service options not available from terrestrial communications networks. </P> <P>The liberal regulatory environment prevailing in the United States has permitted organizations to provide a wide range of communications services (for themselves and others on a commercial basis) by allowing acquisition of earth terminal equipment and acquisition or leasing of satellite transponder capacity from various satellites(to provide coverage of service areas with adequate power levels) and the ability to procure VSATs with the appropriate features (voice and data at different rates). 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